SMS casino not on GamStop
Today, mobile gambling in the UK is reaching new heights, offering players solutions that blur the lines between everyday communication and the thrill of gambling. SMS casino is the choice for those who value every minute and prefer not to leave a digital trail of their bank details on gaming platforms. In this article, we’ve put together an exclusive guide to the best sites of 2026, a detailed breakdown of payment mechanics, and an honest comparison of this method with popular alternatives. You’ll learn how to make a deposit in a matter of seconds and what to look out for to ensure your gaming experience is not only exciting but also as secure as possible.
The best SMS casinos in UK
Wildzy
Wildzy is an innovative platform that focuses on speed and a simple user interface. The brand quickly became popular among British players thanks to its fair payout policy and huge catalogue of modern slots. This online casino with SMS offers the most comfortable conditions for playing on a smartphone. Here you will find not only classics but also exclusive new releases from leading providers.
It is important to note that although direct account top-ups via mobile operators have been replaced here with more advanced alternatives, the process itself remains just as fast. Players can enjoy instant transactions and round-the-clock support, which is always ready to help with choosing a convenient deposit method.
Bonus | 600% up to €10,000 |
Wagering requirements | x35 |
Year established | 2019 |
Key feature | Intuitive mobile interface |
Licence | Anjouan |
Number of games | 5,000+ |
Game types | Slots, Roulette, Card games, Live |
Min./max. deposit | €20 / €50,000 |
Min./max. withdrawal | €100 / no limit |
Mobile gaming | Optimised website |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / 1–3 days |
Mad Casino
Welcome bonus
+777 % up to £7500
Mad Casino stands out for its unconventional design and generous bonus scheme tailored to active users. It is an excellent example of how modern online casinos that accept SMS deposits operate, offering players flexibility in managing their bankroll. The platform is fully optimised for mobile devices, allowing you to play your favourite games without compromising on graphics or functionality.
Particular attention should be paid to the security system, which guarantees the protection of every transaction. Even if the casino does not directly support SMS deposits, it offers a wide range of payment methods. These operate on the principle of a mobile account, making the top-up process quick and invisible on bank statements.
Bonus | 777% up to €7,500 |
Wagering requirements | x30 |
Year established | 2023 |
Key feature | Levels and achievements system |
Licence | Anjouan |
Number of games | 7,000+ |
Game types | Slots, Blackjack, Baccarat, Live games |
Min./max. deposit | €10 / €5,000 |
Min./max. withdrawal | €100 / €1,000 per day |
Mobile gaming | Website |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / 1–3 days |
Win Olympia
Welcome Package
125% up to £800 + 100 FS
Win Olympia is positioned as a premium platform for those seeking the atmosphere of a real casino on their mobile phone. Among the many casinos that accept SMS deposits, this brand stands out for its special treatment of VIP customers and regular tournaments with substantial prize pools. The platform adheres to modern responsible gaming standards and offers convenient tools for managing deposits, which is particularly important when using mobile accounts.
Players appreciate Win Olympia for its lightning-fast access to the Live Casino section. Although alternative methods listed on the website may be required for direct SMS deposits, the overall concept of simplicity and high-speed crediting of funds is adhered to 100% here.
Bonus | 250% up to €2,000 + 250 FS |
Wagering requirements | x40 |
Year established | 2024 |
Key feature | Daily VIP tournaments |
Licence | Curacao |
Number of games | 4000+ |
Game types | Slots, Jackpots, Live Casino |
Min./max. deposit | €20 / €15,000 (depending on payment method) |
Min./max. withdrawal | €50 / €3,000 per day |
Mobile gaming | Responsive mobile version |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / up to 48 hours |
Mania Casino
Welcome bonus
777% up to €8000
If you’re looking for an intuitive and straightforward casino, Mania Casino is a great find. The site is designed for those who don’t want to waste time on lengthy registration processes and card verification. The entire process of interacting with this pay by SMS casino UK is optimised for maximum speed – from choosing a slot to receiving your winnings. Although direct payment via SMS can be replaced with mobile banking here, convenience remains a priority.
The casino offers unique quests and daily bonuses that keep players engaged. Thanks to excellent optimisation, Mania Casino runs smoothly even on devices with a weak internet connection, making it the perfect companion for gaming on the go.
Bonus | 777% on slots up to €8,000 |
Wagering requirements | x35 |
Year established | 2025 |
Key feature | Instant withdrawals |
Licence | Anjouan |
Number of games | 3,000+ |
Game types | Slots, Crash games, Roulette |
Min./max. deposit | €20 / no limit |
Min./max. withdrawal | €40 / €1,000 per day |
Mobile gaming | Website and mobile app |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / up to 48 hours |
Jettbet
Jettbet is the choice of modern players who prefer minimalism and functionality. It is a mobile casino SMS deposit that allows you to control the gaming process with literally a single finger. The site is characterised by fast loading times and the absence of unnecessary adverts, creating a pleasant atmosphere for serious gaming. The platform is actively developing its mobile offering, implementing the most secure payment methods.
The games library is constantly updated with new releases from top studios. Although partner mobile payment services can be used for SMS deposits here, users enjoy all the benefits of instant balance top-ups.
Bonus | 450% up to €6,000 + 425 FS |
Wagering requirements | x30 |
Year established | 2024 |
Key feature | Multi-currency support |
Licence | Curacao |
Number of games | 5,000+ |
Game types | Full range of casino games |
Min./max. deposit | €20 / €1,000–200,000 (depending on the method) |
Min./max. withdrawal | €20 / €500 per day |
Mobile gaming | Optimised browser access |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / up to 48 hours |
Rollino
Rollino is a vibrant gaming universe where every deposit can mark the start of an exciting adventure. If you’re looking for a reliable casino SMS deposit, this platform offers a range of convenient ways to top up your account via mobile. Rollino is renowned for its loyalty programme, which allows you to exchange accumulated points for real prizes in the virtual bonus shop.
Particular attention is paid to security here: all transactions pass through secure gateways, eliminating the risk of data interception. Thanks to the huge selection of games, there is something to suit everyone’s taste. The responsive support team will help you quickly sort out any issues with your mobile payment method.
Bonus | 450% up to €6,000 + 425 FS |
Wagering requirements | x30 |
Year established | 2023 |
Key feature | Bonus shop and quests |
Licence | Curacao |
Number of games | 9,000+ |
Game types | Slots, Table games, Live, Sports |
Min./max. deposit | €20 / €1,000–200,000 (depending on payment method) |
Min./max. withdrawal | €20 / €500 per day |
Mobile gaming | Website |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / 24–48 hours |
Spinfin
This is a platform designed for those who value aesthetics and speed. The site rightly features in any top SMS online casino ranking thanks to its transparency and the absence of hidden fees on mobile payments. The website’s interface is minimalist, allowing you to focus on the game without unnecessary distractions. Although the site does not offer SMS deposits, the developers provide other popular alternatives. Everyone can choose the option that suits them best.
Despite its youth, Spinfin has already built a loyal following among British players. The casino offers an excellent selection of ‘quick games’ and crash slots, which are ideal for short gaming sessions on a mobile phone.
Bonus | 100% up to €600 + 200 FS |
Wagering requirements | x35 |
Year established | 2025 |
Key feature | Clean design and speed |
Licence | Curacao |
Number of games | 7000+ |
Game types | Slots, Roulette, Card games |
Min./max. deposit | €10 / €5000 |
Min./max. withdrawal | €20 / €5000 |
Mobile gaming | Web version |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / 24–72 hours |
Sankra
Sankra offers players a unique blend of Eastern mysticism and the very latest Western payment technologies. Taking a straightforward approach, this SMS bill casino allows players to enjoy their favourite games without worrying about instant debits from their bank account. The entire gaming experience here is designed with user comfort and fair results in mind. Unfortunately, the casino does not support deposits via SMS, but it does support popular alternatives.
For regular Sankra customers, there are weekly bonuses and cashback offers, which make the gaming experience more stable and profitable. The mobile version of the site works flawlessly, providing full access to all features of the personal account and cashier.
Bonus | 100% up to €750 + 200 FS |
Wagering requirements | x35 |
Year established | 2024 |
Key feature | Loyalty programme |
Licence | Costa Rica |
Number of games | 3,500+ |
Game types | Slots, Live |
Min./max. deposit | €10 / €5,000 |
Min./max. withdrawal | €10 / €10,000 per day |
Mobile gaming | Mobile-optimised site |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / up to 48 hours |
Cosmobet
Cosmobet is a veritable universe of gambling entertainment, where there’s something for everyone. It’s a modern SMS deposit mobile casino that offers not only classic slots but also a fully-fledged sports betting section. Thanks to a wide range of payment methods tailored to mobile users, topping up your balance here takes no more than a minute. The site offers alternatives to SMS deposits, so there’s something for everyone.
The platform is renowned for its hospitality and regular ‘cosmic’ promotions. Cosmobet’s game catalogue includes over 6,000 titles, making it one of the largest projects in the gambling industry today.
Bonus | 400% up to €500 + 1,000 FS |
Wagering requirements | x30 |
Year established | 2023 |
Key feature | Huge selection of slots and sports betting |
Licence | Curacao |
Number of games | 6,000+ |
Game types | All game types + Sports |
Min./max. deposit | €20 / €5,000 |
Min./max. withdrawal | €20 / €5,000 |
Mobile gaming | Website |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / 24–48 hours |
Winzter
Winzter is the choice for those who value stability and high-quality service. It is rightly regarded as the best SMS online casino for those who want to play in a reliable environment with guaranteed payouts. The platform focuses on classic games and a flawless mobile experience, allowing you to enjoy the thrill of gambling without any unnecessary technical complications.
Winzter pays particular attention to protecting its customers’ personal data. Using time-tested mobile payment methods, the casino guarantees that every transaction you make will be as secure and transparent as possible. Although you cannot make a deposit directly via SMS here, everyone can find a suitable alternative.
Bonus | 450% up to €3,000 |
Wagering requirements | x30 |
Year established | 2024 |
Key feature | High level of data security |
Licence | Anjouan |
Number of games | 5,000+ |
Game types | Slots, Table Games, Live |
Min./max. deposit | €10 / €20,000 |
Min./max. withdrawal | €100 / €1,000 per day |
Mobile gaming | Browser version |
Live games | Yes |
Deposit/withdrawal times | Instant / 1–3 working days |
What Is an SMS Casino?

For today’s gambler, time is the most valuable resource. The concept of casino pay by SMS was developed precisely to minimise the time it takes to go from wanting to place a bet to actually playing. Essentially, it is a gaming platform where your mobile phone acts as the payment method. You don’t need to search for a plastic card or log in to complicated banking apps – all you need is a smartphone with an active SIM card.
This method of topping up your account allows funds to be deducted directly from your mobile balance or added to your overall mobile bill at the end of the month. This makes the gambling process as seamless and accessible as possible, particularly for those who do not wish to use traditional online payment methods.
Key features
When discussing the advantages of such platforms, it is worth highlighting their key features, which make a SMS payment casino so popular among the British audience. These features allow players to feel more at ease and secure:
- instant deposit activation without waiting for confirmation from the bank;
- complete anonymity of financial details vis-à-vis the gaming platform;
- the option to play on credit (under a contract-based payment system);
- a native interface designed specifically for mobile screens.
These factors create a unique ecosystem where user comfort is paramount, ensuring fast and secure access to any gambling entertainment on the go.
How do sms casinos work?
If you’ve decided to use this method for the first time, it’s important to understand how the technology behind an online casino SMS payment works from the inside. The whole process takes no more than a minute and requires no special technical knowledge. The system acts as a link between your mobile operator and your casino balance, ensuring secure fund transfers.
The steps for topping up are as straightforward as possible:
- At the casino cashier, select the option to pay via your mobile account.
- Enter the deposit amount and your phone number.
- You will receive a text message containing a confirmation code or a request to reply with a specific word.
- Immediately afterward, your casino balance is topped up, and the transaction amount is recorded by your operator.
This automation makes this top-up process one of the most reliable and straightforward payment methods in the modern gambling industry.
Are SMS casinos safe to play at?
Security in the mobile gambling sector is directly linked to the platform’s licence and reputation. When choosing pay by SMS casinos, you should first and foremost check for a valid licence from the regulator and the presence of 256-bit SSL encryption, which protects the data transmission channel. Reviews from real players on independent forums serve as an important indicator of reliability.
The main technological advantage of this method is that safe british casinos do not have access to your bank details or card numbers. This creates a powerful additional layer of protection, minimising the risk of phishing or financial data theft. The transaction is linked exclusively to your mobile phone balance.
Furthermore, in 2026, mobile payment systems use advanced fraud monitoring algorithms, which allow suspicious attempts to debit funds to be blocked instantly.
Choosing the best SMS casino
To find the best pay by SMS online casino, you need to carry out a comprehensive review of the platform. The licence remains the top priority – it guarantees that the software has been tested for fairness by a random number generator (RNG). However, other factors are also important for a comfortable gaming experience: the breadth of the game selection, the transparency of bonus terms and conditions, and reasonable deposit limits.
When researching the top SMS casino sites, be sure to test the speed of the customer support service – an operator should respond via live chat within a couple of minutes. An informed choice involves striking a balance between generous promotions and the technical stability of the mobile version. Also, look out for certifications from independent auditors such as eCOGRA, which confirm the stated return-to-player percentage on slots. Only the combination of these factors will ensure you a safe and enjoyable gaming experience without unnecessary complications.
How to Deposit at an SMS Casino
The process of topping up your balance via mobile is intuitive and takes less than a minute. In your account dashboard, select ‘SMS casino deposit’ as your preferred method, enter the desired amount, and confirm the transaction using a verification code or a reply text message. Funds are credited to your account instantly, allowing you to start betting straight away.
A key feature of this method is the limits, which help you control your budget. Furthermore, a deposit 1 pound casino is available on many platforms (you can make a £1 deposit at virtually all casinos that accept SMS), making entry into the game as accessible as possible, particularly for beginners. When you choose a deposit SMS casino, you will simply see the amount debited on your monthly mobile phone bill, or it will be deducted from your current prepaid SIM card balance.
Commissions and fees
It is important to bear in mind that mobile operators sometimes charge small commission fees. This is usually a fixed percentage between 10% and 15%, which covers the costs of processing transactions through payment gateways.
Although casinos with SMS themselves rarely charge a fee for incoming payments, the final amount debited from your mobile account may be slightly higher than the deposit amount. We recommend always checking the payment details before final confirmation in the reply message. This approach will allow you to plan your bankroll accurately and avoid unpleasant surprises when paying your bills at the end of the month.
Is it possible to withdraw from an SMS casino?
The key technical feature is that a pay by SMS withdrawal casino cannot physically transfer money back to your mobile balance. This method functions exclusively as a one-way payment gateway for incoming deposits.
When luck is on your side, and it’s time to withdraw, you’ll need to select an alternative payment method in the cashier section. Most platforms offer verified bank cards, modern e-wallets, or even cryptocurrency transfers for this purpose.
This procedure provides additional security, as the casino requires identity verification (KYC) for withdrawing large sums. This guarantees that the money will go directly to your actual account, rather than to a random person who has gained access to your phone.
Advantages and disadvantages
By choosing a pay by SMS casino, you gain access to the simplest and most anonymous way to top up your balance. The main advantages are obvious:
- lightning-fast transaction speeds;
- no need to disclose your card details;
- the option to play on credit if your plan includes a post-payment option.
This makes gambling accessible even when you don’t have your wallet to hand, and you’re travelling or on holiday. The drawbacks of this method are mainly technical in nature – daily limits, which won’t suit high rollers, and the inability to withdraw winnings directly to a SIM card.
Nevertheless, the positive experience and the highest level of privacy outweigh these limitations. Mobile payments remain the ideal solution for quick gaming sessions on the go, providing full control over gambling expenditure without involving banks.
SMS VS Boku casinos
When comparing classic SMS payments with specialised services such as a casino that accepts Boku, it is worth highlighting the difference in interface and control. Boku offers a more structured personal account where you can track the history of all your online gaming spending.
A standard mobile casino pay by SMS service is slightly easier to set up, as it does not require registration with third-party payment systems. Both methods are characterised by fast processing times and virtually identical limits. The main similarity is the lack of support for withdrawing winnings, which in both cases means players need to have a backup wallet ready in advance.
The choice depends on your preferences: Boku is more convenient for those who want to see detailed transaction analytics in one place, whilst direct SMS is for those who value a minimal number of steps before placing their first bet. Both services ensure that your mobile budget is used as efficiently and securely as possible.
SMS Casino Bonuses and Promotions
Players at SMS deposit casino UK have access to virtually all types of incentives offered by modern gaming platforms. The mobile payment format does not restrict your participation in bonus programmes, allowing you to activate offers with a single click immediately after confirming the transaction.
To help you get the most out of it, we have compiled a list of the most popular types of bonuses:
- Welcome Bonus – a classic package for newcomers, usually comprising a percentage match on the first deposit (for example, 100% or 200%).
- Free Spins – free spins on popular slots, which are often awarded in addition to a cash bonus or upon verification of your phone number.
- Cashback – a refund of a portion of losses incurred over a week or a month, which helps to reduce financial risks.
Particular attention should be paid to online casinos with no deposit bonus, where simply verifying your phone number via SMS is enough to receive starting capital. This is the ideal way to test the interface and the games' volatility, whilst preserving your real balance for future sessions.
Games assortment
Modern casinos that accept pay by SMS offer an impressive range of games that are every bit as good as their desktop counterparts:
- Slot machines – classic fruit slots, modern video slots and Megaways with thousands of paylines.
- Table games – various versions of roulette, blackjack, baccarat and poker.
- Live casino – games with live dealers in real time, including popular game shows.
- Crash games – fast-paced games (such as Aviator), ideal for short mobile sessions.
- Progressive jackpots – slots with a cumulative prize pool.
Particular attention should be paid to the online slots UK section, which features new releases with HD graphics and complex bonus mechanics. By topping up your account via your mobile, you get a fully-fledged gaming hub in your pocket without compromising functionality.
Top Game Providers at SMS Casinos
Top-tier software developers ensure fairness and visual excellence in pay by SMS online casinos. The presence of software from NetEnt, Pragmatic Play, or Microgaming in the lobby is an international mark of quality, guaranteeing the correct operation of the RNG and a high return-to-player percentage.
If you’re looking for something special, take a look at online casino play n go, a provider whose slots are characterised by unique volatility and thrilling storylines. By choosing casino sites that accept pay by SMS with licensed content from global brands, you protect yourself from manipulation and enjoy smooth animations.
SMS Casinos Not on Gamstop
Sites in this category are popular with players looking for greater freedom and fewer restrictions. By choosing an SMS deposit casino outside the UK, you often gain access to more generous promotions and no limits on maximum bets.
Gamstop is a useful tool for protection, but for experienced gamblers it can sometimes be too restrictive. International platforms offer an alternative approach to the service, whilst retaining the convenience of quick mobile payments via SMS.
Nevertheless, playing at an online casino UK no gamstop requires iron self-discipline and the ability to stop in time. Always remember to gamble responsibly.
Tips for Safe Gambling at SMS Casinos
For a safe gaming experience, always check the licence link in the website footer before depositing funds. Set personal deposit limits via your profile settings to ensure your gambling does not exceed your monthly entertainment budget.
Never use other people’s phone numbers for transactions at the SMS billing casino – this is a sure-fire way to have your account blocked without the right to appeal. Changing your passwords regularly and using biometric security on your smartphone will ensure you can play with peace of mind. Also, try not to save your casino login details on public devices.
Responsibility gaming
Gambling should remain a form of light-hearted entertainment, not a means of settling debts. A responsible approach involves using self-exclusion tools and setting clear time limits for each gaming session. If you notice that thoughts of playing at SMS casinos are becoming obsessive, or that gambling is starting to negatively affect your relationships with loved ones, do not ignore these signs. In the UK, there are powerful organisations such as Gamstop and GamCare where you can get support anonymously. Remember: taking a break at the right time is a sign of awareness and willpower.
Alternatives
Although mobile payments are incredibly convenient, this method is not suitable for everyone due to low limits and the lack of a withdrawal function. If you plan to play for high stakes or want to receive payouts instantly to the same account, it is worth considering other online casinos that accept SMS and their alternative payment solutions.
Skrill

The Skrill e-wallet is a recognised standard in the international gambling industry. Unlike SMS, online casinos Skrill offer significantly higher limits and the ability to receive winnings instantly.
The wallet allows you to keep your gaming funds separate from your main bank account, which is ideal for financial discipline. Low transaction fees within the system and a convenient mobile app make it a favourite among professional players worldwide.
Revolut

Revolut, a modern digital bank, is the choice for those who value complete transparency and financial insights. By using the casino Revolut deposit, you receive instant notifications for every transaction and can set spending limits for specific categories.
Revolut offers a one-click card freeze feature and the ability to create virtual card details, taking security to a whole new level. It is the best solution for players who need high limits and modern banking technology.
PayPal

If reputation and impeccable consumer protection are important to you, then online casinos accept PayPal are the right choice for you. The system works exclusively with trusted brands, which serves as a further indicator of the platform’s reliability.
Your personal data is securely protected, and all transactions are safeguarded by world-class protocols. Withdrawing funds to PayPal takes minimal time, and the familiar interface makes the payment process as simple as sending a standard message.
Paysafecard

For those seeking complete anonymity, casinos that take Paysafecard are the ideal choice. This is a prepaid voucher system, with vouchers available to purchase in cash at thousands of retail outlets across the country.
You simply enter the unique 16-digit code at the casino’s checkout, and the funds are credited to your balance instantly. This is an excellent alternative to the SMS method. There is no link to bank accounts or phone numbers, which guarantees absolute privacy for your transactions.
Crypto

The future of financial technology is already here: crypto casino online offers a level of anonymity and speed that is unattainable with traditional methods. Bitcoin and Ethereum allow you to make payments without the involvement of intermediaries such as banks.
There are virtually no transfer fees, and deposit and withdrawal limits are often unlimited. Cryptocurrency is the choice for tech-savvy users who value their financial independence and want to receive their winnings instantly in any currency.
Conclusion
It is safe to say that online casinos with SMS are the gold standard of simplicity and privacy for the modern player. This method is ideal for those who prefer quick gaming sessions and do not wish to share their personal banking details online.
When choosing a platform, always check that it is licensed and remember the importance of responsible gambling. Remember that a casino is, first and foremost, a form of entertainment, not a way to make money.
May your gaming experience be not only enjoyable but also as safe as possible. Why not start your adventure with a small deposit today and experience the unrivalled convenience of mobile payments for yourself!
Reviews
“For me, SMS online casino is a real lifesaver. No need to dig out a card or enter long numbers – I just confirm the text message I receive, and I’m straight into the game. It’s the best way to have a quick spin on my favourite slots whilst on the go, without worrying about the security of my details at all.”
“I always try to find a casino with SMS when I just want to relax and not spend too much money. The limits really help keep me in check and stop me from getting carried away. Everything is credited instantly, without delays or unnecessary calls from customer service.”
“What I like most about SMS online casinos is the anonymity. My bank doesn’t see any gambling transactions on my statement; everything goes through my mobile account. It’s just a shame you can’t withdraw funds to your phone, but my e-wallet works perfectly as a complement to this method.”
“I’ve tried various methods, but casinos that accept SMS turned out to be the easiest for a beginner to understand. They often offer great bonuses just for verifying your phone number. It’s very nice and allows you to start playing with a good advantage without a large initial investment.”
“I’m neutral about the operator’s fees; I’m happy to pay a little extra for such convenience. But a casino that accepts SMS really comes in handy when your card is empty, but you’ve got credit on your phone. It’s quick, simple, and always works without technical glitches.”
FAQ
What is the maximum amount that can be deposited via pay by SMS?
As a rule, UK mobile operators set a limit of up to €2,000 per transaction. This limit is in place to protect your financial security and help you manage your gaming expenditure effectively.
Are SMS deposits instant?
Yes, funds are credited to your gaming balance within a few seconds of you sending the confirmation code. You can start playing immediately after receiving notification that the transaction has been successful.
Can I withdraw my winnings via SMS?
Unfortunately, no. Mobile payment technology in the UK only supports incoming transactions. To withdraw your winnings, you will need to choose another method, such as a bank card or cryptocurrency.
Is paying via SMS a secure payment method?
Yes, it is one of the most secure methods on the market. You do not provide the casino with your card details, and payment confirmation occurs directly on your phone, virtually eliminating the risk of fraud.


















